Abstract
The stability and longevity of any civil engineering structure are critically dependent on the integrity of its foundation system. Among the most widely used deep foundation solutions, well foundations and pile foundations play a significant role in transferring structural loads to deeper, more stable soil strata. This study explores the principles, methodologies, and practical considerations involved in the design and construction of well and pile foundations. It highlights the criteria for choosing between well and pile foundations based on geotechnical conditions, load requirements, and site constraints. The paper outlines the structural behavior, construction techniques, and equipment employed in each foundation type, emphasizing the challenges encountered during excavation, sinking, boring, and concrete placement. The study also reviews advances in construction materials and soil improvement techniques that enhance foundation performance. Through comparative analysis and case stud