Abstract
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the energy supply of sensor devices is limited. One of the basic
architecture problems in WSNs is sensor dies due to dissipating battery capacity. As a result, it is argued that energy
conservation is the most significant criterion for any protocol built for WSNs. Thousands of lightweight,
inexpensive sensors can be randomly distributed in open and harsh environments to gather data in Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs). The low battery life of battery-operated sensors, as well as hostile conditions, requires the
development of energy-efficient, secure and reliable sensor network protocols. Routing, out of the broad range of
network protocols, is the most critical in terms of energy consumption, as data transmission absorbs 70% of total
energy in WSNs. As a result, energy-efficient routing systems must be built in order to save energy and increase the
network's lifespan. However, resource-limited sensors, the lack of a global solution scheme and